New Kalam Literature in the Late Ottoman Thought

New 'ilm al-kalām literature arose in different areas of the Muslim world under the pressure of modernization. It emerged from a desire to defend Islam under these new circumstances. Such endeavors of late Ottoman scholars and thinkers have not been properly analyzed. Hence we attempt here to identify the limits and difficulties of research in this area.

RIDVAN ÖZDİNÇ

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